SURGERY AND NON-PHYSICIAN CLINICIANS 

  • Ellis-Jones DW. Trachomatous Entropion: A Simple Operation for Its Treatment Trop Doct 1972, 2(2): 24-29
  • McCullough BL. A Contribution from Congo Trop Doct 1972, 2(3): 93-95
  • Monekosso GL. A Community Hospital Unit a General Practice Teaching Facility for Tropical Medical Schools Trop Doct 1972, 2(4): 141-7
  • Mburu SM, Steinkuller PG (eds). Ocular needs in Africa. Soc Sci & Med 1983; 17(22):1683-1830
  • Nundy S. How might we improve surgical services for rural populations in developing countries? BMJ 1984; 289(6437):71-2
  • Nordberg EM. Incidence and estimated need of Caesarean section, inguinal hernia repair and operation for strangulated hernia in rural Africa. BMJ 1984; 289(6437):92-3, Reply. BMJ 1984; 289(6443):494-5
  • Wasunna E, Surgical manpower in Africa. Bull Am Coll Surg 1987; 72(6)18-9
  • Holcombe C. The need for a chair in tropical surgery. Br J Surg 1990; 77(1):3-4
  • Craven JL. Reply. Br J Surg 1990; 77:954
  • Nordberg E. Health Centres. Potential is still there. Health Action 1993; 4:4-5 PMID: 12222422
  • Rennie JA. The poor cousin of medicine. Trop Doct 1994; 24(1)5-6
  • LaFond AK. Sustaining health care in poor countries. Trop Doct 1994; 24(4):146-8
  • Gnanaraj J, Gnanaraj L, Shah VK. How to bring surgery to remote tribal areas. Trop Doct 1997; 27(3):163-5
  • Nundy S. Difficulties of surgery in the developing world: a personal view. Lancet 1999; 353(suppl 1): S21-3
  • Parry E. Essential Surgery. Trauma Quarterly 1999; 14(3):329-33
  • Loefler IJP. Surgery in the post-colonial world. East Cent Afr J Surg 2002; 7(1):53-8
  • Bergström S. Who will do the caesareans when there is no doctor? Finding creative solutions to the human resource crisis. BJOG 2005; 112(9):1168-9
  • Saswata B, Omar F, Aubery RJ et al. Bridging the health gap in Uganda: the surgical role of the clinical officer. Afr Health Sci 2005; 5(1):86-9
  • Monjok E, Eissien EJ. Mobile surgical services in primary care in rural and remote stting: experience and evidence from Yala, Cross RiverState, Nigeria. Afr J Primary Health Care Family Med 2006; 1:128-31
  • Mullan F, Frehywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet 2007; 370:2158-63
  • Aluwihare APR, Kelly A. Where there is no surgeon: upscaling surgical skills transfer for healthcare professionals in developing countries.  http://wikieducator.org/PCF5:_Where_there_is_no_surgeon:_upscaling_surgical_skills_transfer_for_healthcare_professionals_in_developing_countries (2008)
  • Ozgediz D, Galukande M, Mabweijano J et al. The neglect of the global surgical workforce: experience and evidence from Uganda. World J Surg 2008; 32(6):1208-15
  • Ozgediz D, Kijjambu S, Galukande M et al. Africa’s neglected surgical workforce crisis. Lancet 2008; 371:627-8
  • Chu K, Rosseel P, Gielis P et al. Surgical task shifting in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med 6(5):e1000078 (2009)
  • Cotton MH. The academic discipline of tropical surgery. World J Surg 2010; 34(10):2269-71
  • Bergström S. Non-physician clinicians in low income countries. BMJ 2011; 342:d2499
  • Atiyeh BS, Gunn SWA, Hayek SN. Provision of essential surgery in remote and rural areas of developed as well as low and middle income countries. Internat J Surg 2010; 8(8):581-5
  • Nthumba P. “Blitz surgery”: redefining surgical needs, training and practice in sub-Saharan Africa. World J Surg 2010; 34(3):433-7
  • Luboga S, Galukande M, Mabweijano J et al. Key aspects of health policy development to improve surgical services in Uganda. World J Surg 2010; 34(11):2511-7
  • Chu KM, Ford NP, Trelles M. Providing surgical care in Somalia: a model of task shifting. Conflict & Health 2011; 5:12
  • Gosselin RA, Gyamfi Y-A, Contini S. Challenges of meeting surgical needs in the developing world. World J Surg 2011; 35(2):258-61
  • Abantanga FA, Hesse AJ, Sory E et al. Policies for improving access to and quality of Essential Basic Surgical care at district hospital hospitals in Ghana. Postgrad Med J Ghana 2012; 1:a-f
  • Curci M. Task shifting overcomes the limitations of volunteerism in developing nations. Bull Am Coll Surg 2012; 97(10):9-14


ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF NON-SURGEONS

  • White SM, Thorpe RG, Maine D. Emergency obstetric surgery performed by nurses in Zaire. Lancet 1987; 330:612-3
  • Pereira C, Bugalho A, Bergström s et al. A comparative study of caesarean section deliveries by assistant medical officers and obstetricians in Mozambique. Br J Obstet Gynacol 1996; 103(6):508-12
  • Vaz F, Bergström S, Vaz MdaL et al. Training medical assistants for surgery. Bull World Health Organ 1999; 77(8):688-91
  • Fenton PM, Whitty CJ, Reynolds F. Ceasarean section in Malawi; prospective study of early maternal and perinatal mortality. BMJ 2003; 327(7415):587
  • Bewes P. Learning from low income countries: what are the lessons? Trained medical assistants can successfully do work as doctors. BMJ 2004; 329(7475):1184
  • Chilopora G, Pereira C, Kamwendo F et al. Postoperative outcome of caesarean sections and other major emergency obstetric surgery by clinical officers and medical officers in Malawi. Hum Resour Health 2007; 5:17
  • Pereira C, Cumbi A, Malalane R. et al. Meeting the need for emergency obstetric care in Mozambique: work performance and histories of medical doctors and assistant medical officers trained for surgery. BJOG 2007; 114(12):1530-3
  • Cumbi A, Pereira C, Malalane R, et al. Major surgery delegation to mid-level health practitioners in Mozambique: health professionals’ perspective Hum Resour Health 2007; 5:27
  • Bradley S, McAuliffe E. Mid-level providers in emergency obstetric and newborn health care: factors affecting their performance and retention within the Malawian health system. Hum Resour Health 2009; 7:14
  • Hounton SH, Newlands D, Meda N, et al. A cost-effectiveness study of caesarean-section deliveries by clinical officers, general practitioners and obstetricians in Burkina Faso. Hum Resour Health 2009; 7:34
  • McCord C, Mbaruku G, Pereira C, et al. The quality of emergency obstetrical surgery by assistant medical officers in Tanzanian district hospitals. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009(5); 28:w76-85
  • Rosseel P, Trelles M, Guilavogui S et al. Ten years of experience training non-physician anesthesia providers in Haiti. World J Surg 2010; 34(3):453-8
  • Wilson A, Lissauer D, Thangaratinam S, et al. A comparison of clinical officers with medical doctors on outcomes of Caesarean section in the developing world: meta-analysis of controlled studies. BMJ 2011; 342:d2600
  • Wilhelm TJ, Thawe IK, Mwatibu B et al. Efficacy of major general surgery performed by non-physicians at a central hospital in Malawi. Trop Doct 2011; 41(2):71-5
  • Curci M. Task shifting overcomes the limitations of volunteerism in developing nations. Bull Am Coll Surg 2012;97(10):9-14
  • Choo S, Perry H, Hesse AA, et al. Surgical training and experience of medical officers in Ghana's district hospitals. Acad Med. 2011;86(4):529-33
  • Till B. God’s surgeons in Africa. www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/12/gods-surgeon-in-africa/266635/

TRAINING OF NON-SURGEONS

  • Watters DAK, Bayley AC. Training doctors and surgeons to meet the surgical needs of Africa. BMJ 1987; 295(6601):761-3
  • Loufti A, McLean AP, Pickering J. Training general practitioners in surgical and obstetrical emergencies in Ethiopia. Trop Doct 1995; 25(suppl 1):22-26
  • Steiner AK. Surgery and training in surgery in remote rural hospitals. East Afr Med J 1996; 73(12):830-1
  • Longombe AO. Surgical training of nurses for rural areas: necessity or aberration? East Cent Afr J Surg 1997; 3(1):43-7
  • Rennie JA. Emergency life-saving surgical courses in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999; 93(4):359-60
  • Sohier N, Frejacques L, Gagnayre R. Design and implementation of a training programme for general practitioners in emergency surgery and obstetrics in recarious situations in Ethiopia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1999; 81(6):367-75
  • Blanchard RJ, Merrell RC, Gellhoed GW et al. Training to serve unmet surgical needs worldwide. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 193(4):417-27
  • Gruen RL. Template for surgical training in resource-poor countries. ANZ J Surg 2006; 76(10):871-2
  • De Brouwere V, Dieng T, Diadhiou M et al. Task shifting for obstetric surgery in district hospitals in Senegal. Reprod Health Matters 2009; 17(33):32-44
  • Galukande M, Luboga S, Kijjambu S. Improving recruitment of surgical trainees and training of surgeons in Uganda. East Cent Afr J Surg 2006; 11:17-24
  • Kruk ME, Pereira C, Vaz F et al. Economic evaluation of surgically trained assistant medical officers in performing major obstetric surgery in Mozambique. BJOG 2007; 114(10):1253-60
  • Mkandawire N, Ngulube C, Lavy C. Orthopaedic clinical officer program in Malawi: a model for providing orthopaedic care. Clin orthopaedics & related reaseach 2008; 466(10):2385-91
  • Jiskoot P. On-the-job training of clinical officers in Malawi. Malawi Med J 2008; 20(3):74-7
  • Luboga S, Galukande M, Ozgediz D. Recasting the role of the surgeon in Uganda: a proposal to maximize the impact of surgery on public health. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14(6):604-8
  • Sani R, Nameoua B, Yahaya A et al. The impact of launching surgery at the district level in Niger. World J Surg 2009; 33(10):2063-8
  • Monjok E. Reply World J Surg 2010; 34(11):2504
  • Ronns Mid-level healthcarwe providers and task-shifting in Africa and beyond  http://healthcareinkenya.blogspot.ch/2010/10/physician-assistants-clinical-officers.html
  • Pollock JD, Love TP, Steffes BC, et al. Is it possible to train surgeons for rural Africa? A report of a successful international program. World J Surg 2011; 3(3)5:493-9
  • Merry S. Reply World J Surg 35(9):2172-4
  • Pollock JD et al. Reply World J Surg 2011; 35(9):2175-6
  • Leet SM, Gai AK, Adek A et al. Can primary health care staff be trained in basic life-saving surgery? S Sudan Med J 2012; 5(3):69-71
  • Bansal S. Repairing the surgical deficit. New York Times 2012;8 Aug http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/08
  • Ellard D, Simkiss D, Quenby S, et al. The impact of training non-physician clinicians in Malawi on maternal and perinatal mortality BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012; 12:116
  • Chichom Mefire A, Atashili J, Mbuagbaw J. Pattern of Surgical Practice in a Regional Hospital in Cameroon and Implications for Training. World J Surg 2013;37(9):2101-8


TYPE OF SURGERY NEEDED - EVIDENCE FOR 15 ESSENTIALS

  • Potter AR. Surgery in an African bush hospital. Med J Aust 1982; 2(10):469-71
  • Nordberg EM. Surgery in East Africa – met and unmet needs. AMREF discussion paper 1982; 3: 1
  • Gil AV, Galarza MT, Guerrero R et al. Surgeons and operating rooms: underutilized resources. Am J Public Health 1983; 73(12):1361-5
  • Carswell JW. Regional higher specialist training. Proc Assoc Surg East Africa 1986; 9(Suppl):17-19
  • Nordberg EM. Incidence and estimated need of caesarean section, inguinal hernia repair, and operation for strangulated inguinal hernia in rural Africa. BMJ 1984; 289(6437):92-3
  • Levy LF, Chigwanda PC, Mauchaza B et al. Prevalence of untreated disease in rural Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 1986; 32(7):159-63
  • Loefler IJP. Surgery in the Third World. Baillières Clin Trop Med Communic Dis 1988; 3:173-80
  • Nordberg E. Surgical operations in eastern Africa: a review with conclusions regarding the need for further research. East Afr Med J 1990; 67(3 Suppl):1-28.
  • Nordberg E, Hofman J. Major and minor surgery at a rural African hospital. J Trop Med Hyg 1994; 97(3):138-44
  • Nordberg E, Holmberg S, Kiugu S. Output of major surgery in developing countries. Towards a quantitative evaluation and planning tool. Trop Geogr Med 1995; 47(5):206-11
  • Nordberg E, Holmberg S, Kiugu S. Rates of major surgery by age and sex in a rural district in Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1996; 90(2):213-21
  • Fenton PM. The epidemiology of district surgery in Malawi. East Central Afr J Surg 1997; 3:33-41
  • Ahmed M, Shah M, Luby S et al. Survey of surgical emergencies in a rural population in the northern areas of Pakistan. Trop Med Int Health 1999(12); 4:846-57
  • Nordberg E. Injuries as a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology and prospects for control. East Afr Med J. 2000; 77(12 Suppl):S1-43.
  • Nabembezi JS, Nordberg E. Surgical output in Kibaale district, Uganda. East Afr Med J 2001; 78(7):379-81.
  • Loefler IJP. The specialist-generalist controversy. S Afr J Surg 2002; 40(3):87-9
  • Bickler SW, Rode H. Surgical services for children in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80(10):829-35
  • Abeygunasekera AM. Effective surgery can be cheap and innovative. BMJ 2004; 329(7475):1185
  • Ozgediz D, Jamison D, Cherian M et al. The burden of surgical conditions and access to surgical care in low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86(8):646-7
  • Chu K. General Surgeons: a dying breed? Arch Surg 2009; 144(6):498-9
  • Galukande M, von Schreeb J, Mbembati WA et al. Essential Surgery at the district hospital: a retrospective descriptive analysis in three African countries. PLoS Med 2010; 7(3):e1000243
  • McQueen KA, Ozgediz D, Riviello R et al. Essential surgery: integral to the right to health. Health Hum Rights 2010; 12(1):137-52
  • Hedges JP, Mock CN, Cherian MN. The political economy of emergency and essential surgery in Global Health. World J Surg 2010; 34(9):2003-6
  • Grimes C, Lavy C. A plea for investment in district hospitals. Lancet 2010; 376:2073
  • Damien P, Nabare C, Baiden F et al. How are surgical theatres utilized? A review of five years of services at a district hospital in Ghana. Trop Doct 2011; 41(2):91-5
  • Ilbawi AM, Einterz EM, Nkusu D. Obstacles to Surgical Services in a Rural Cameroonian District Hospital. World J Surg 2013; 37(6):1208-15
  • Zafar SN, Fatmi Z, Iqbal R et al. Disparities in Access to Surgical Care with in a Lower Income Country: An Alarming Inequity. World J Surg 2013;37(7):1470-7


QUALITY OF CARE

  • Welling DR, Ryan JM, Burris DG et al. Seven sins of humanitarian medicine. World J Surg 2010; 34(3):466-70
  • Schein M. Reply World J Surg 2010; 34(3):471-2
  • Beyond Absolutism: guiding principles needed for humanitarian medicine. Leeds IL. World J Surg 2010; 34(10):2507
  • Chu KC, Trelles M, Ford NP. Quality of care in Humanitarian Surgery. World J Surg 2011; 35(6):1169-72
  • Riddez L. Quality care in humanitarian surgery. World J Surg 2011; 35(6):1173-4
  • Chackungal S, Nickerson JW, Knowlton LM et al. Best practice guidelines on surgical response in disasters and humanitarian emergencies;: report of the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit Working Group on Surgical Issues within the Humanitarian Space. Prehosp Disaster Med 2011; 26(6):429-37
  • Grimes CE, Maraka J, Kingsnorth A et al. Guidelines for surgeons on establishing projects in low-income countries. World J Surg 2013;37(6):1203-7
  • Tsiftsis DDA. Minimum surgical armamentarium for safe operations in remote settings ebookbrowse.com/se/sets-and-set-operations?page=27‎


COST EFFECTIVENESS

  • Grimes CE, Henry JA, Maraka J, Mkandawire NC, Cotton M. Cost-effectiveness of Surgery in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review. World journal of surgery. 2014 Jan;38(1):252-63. PubMed PMID: 24101020. 
  • Chao TE, Sharma K. Mandigo M, Hagander L, Resch SC, Weiser TG, et al. Cost-effectiveness of surgery and its policy implications for global health: a systematic review and analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2014;2(6):e334-e45
  • Debas HT, Gosselin R, McCord C et al. Promoting essential surgery in low-income countries: a hidden, cost-effective treasure. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries 2012, ch 67 files.dcp2.org/pdf/DCP/DCP67.pdf
  • Thakkar P, Shah H, Roy N. Cost-effective surgery for cleft lip and palate in the developing world. World J Surg 2010; 34(10):2499-500
  • Gosselin RA, Gialamas G, Atkin DM. Comparing the cost-effectivceness of short orthopedic missions in elective and relief situations in developing countries. World J Surg 2011; 35(6):951-5

SURGICAL CAPACITY

  • Henry JA,  Windapo O, Kushner AL, Grown RS, Nwomeh BC. A survey of surgical capacity in rural Southern Nigeria: opportunities for change. World Journal of Surgery. 2012 Dec;36(12):2811-8.PubMed PMID:22955951
  • Blanchard RJ, Blanchard ME, Toussignant P et al. The epidemiology and spectrum of surgical care in district hospitals of Pakistan. Am J Public Health 1987; 77(11):1439-45
  • Attah CA. Surgery in rural Nigeria – problems, challenges and recommendations. S Afr J Surg 1993; 31(3):106-8
  • Ajay OO, Adebamowo CA. Surgery in Nigeria. Arch Surg 1999; 134(2):206-11
  • Abantanga FA, Amaning EP. Paediatric elective surgical conditions as seen in a referral hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. ANZ J Surg 2002; 72(12):890-2
  • Nenon AS. Rural surgery in Pakistan. World J Surg 2006; 30(9):1628-9
  • Meo G, Andreone D, De Bonis U et al. Rural surgery in Southern Sudan. World J Surg 2006; 30(4):495-504
  • Lavy C, Tindall A, Steinlechner C et al. Surgery in Malawi – a national survey of activity in rural and urban hospitals. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2007; 89(7):722-4
  • Spiegel DA, Gosselin RA. Surgical services in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2007; 370:1013-5
  • Kingham TP, Kamara TB, Cherian MN et al. Quantifying surgical capacity in Sierra Leone: a guide for improving surgical care. Arch Surg 2009; 144(2): 122-7.
  • Luboga S, Macfarlane SB, von Schreeb J et al. Increasing access to surgical services in sub-Saharan Africa: priorities for national and international agencies recommended by the Bellagio Essential Surgery Group. PLoS Med 2009; 6(12): e1000200
  • Ozgediz D, Hsia R, Weiser T et al. Population health metrics for surgery: effective coverage of surgical services in low-income and middle-income countries. World J Surg 2009; 33(1):1-5
  • Choo S, Perry H, Hesse AA et al. Assessment of capacity for surgery, obstetrics and anaesthesia in 17 Ghanaian hospitals using a WHO assessment tool. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15(9):1109-15
  • Contini S, Taqdeer A, Cherian M et al. Emeregency and essential surgical services in Afghanistan: still a missing challenge. World J Surg 2010; 34(3):473-8
  • Grimes CE, Bowman KG, Dodgion CM, et al. Systematic review of barriers to surgical care in low-income and middle-income countries. World J Surg 2011; 35(5):941-50
  • Lavy C, Sauven K, Mkandawire N et al. State of surgery in tropical Africa: a review. World J Surg 2011; 35(2):262-71
  • Natuzzi ES, Kushner A, Jagilly R. Surgical care in the Solomon Islands: a road map for universal surgical care delivery. World J Surg 2011; 35(6):1183-93
  • Zafar SN, McQueen KAK. Surgery, public health and Pakistan. World J sUrg 2011; 35(12):2625-34
  • Notrica MR, Evans FM, Knowlton LM, Kelly McQueen KA. World J Surg. 2011;35(8):1770-80 Rwandan surgical and anesthesia infrastructure: a survey of district hospitals.
  • Groen RS, Kamara TB, Kingham TP, et al. A surgical collaboration in Sierra Leone. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2011; 93(suppl):341-2
  • Grimes CE, Law RS, Borgstein ES et al. Systematic review of met and unmet needs of surgical disease in rural sub-Saharan Africa. World J Surg 2012; 36(1):8-23
  • Kwon S, Kingham TP, Kamara TB, et al. Development of a surgical capacity index: opportunities for assessment and improvement. World J Surg 2012; 36(2):232-9
  • Cometto G, Belgrano E, De Bonis U et al. Primary surgery in rural areas of Southern Sudan. World J Surg 2012; 36(3):556-64
  • Ilako F, Morino G. Assessment of common surgical conditions encountered by Medical Officers based in rural hospitals in East Africa. www.bioline.org.br/request?js04007
  • Olson L. Rising to the challenge of rural surgery http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/5/10-040510/en
  • Knowlton LM, Chackungal S, Dahn B et al. Liberian Surgical and Anaesthetia Infrastructure: A Survey of County Hospitals. World J Surg 2013;37(4):721-9
  • Hoyler M, Finlayson SRG, McClain CD et al. Shortage of Doctors, Shortage of Data: A Review of the Global Surgery, Obstetrics and Anesthesia Workforce Literature. World J Surg 2014;38(2):269-80.


PARTNERSHIPS

  • Smith ED. The responsibility of established colleges to the developing world. ANZ J Surg 1994; 64:1-3
  • Ozgediz D, Roayaie K, Debas H et al. Essential training in residency. Arch Surg 2005; 140(8):795-800
  • Farmer PE, Kim JY. Surgery and Global Health: a view beyond the OR. World J Surg 2008; 32(4):533-6
  • Ozgediz D, Wang J, Jayaraman S.et al. Surgical Training and Global Health: initial results of a 5-year partnership with a surgical training program in a low-income country. Arch Surg 2008; 143(9):860-5
  • Ozgediz D, Riviello R, Rogers SO. The surgical workforce crisis in Africa: a call to action. Bull Am Coll Surg 2008; 93(8):10-16
  • Grimes C, Lavy C. Role of UK hospitals in supporting surgical training in Africa. Bull R Coll Surg Engl 2010; 92(suppl): 1-4
  • RivielloR, Ozgediz D, Hsia RY et al. Role of collaborative academic partnerships in surgical training, education and provision. World J Surg 2010; 34(3):459-65
  • Ozgediz D, Riviello R, Jacobs DO. Improving surgical services in developing nations: getting to go. World J Surg 2010; 34(11):2509-10
  • Qureshi JS, Samuel J, Lee C et al. Surgery and global public health: the UNC_Malawi surgical initiative as a model for sustainable collaboration. World J Surg 2011; 35(1):17-21
  • Haglund MM, Kiryabwire J, Parker S, et al. Surgical capacity building in Uganda through twinning, technology and training camps. World J Surg 2011; 35(6):1175-82
  • Lipnick M, Mijumbi C, Dubowitz G et al. Surgery and Anaesthesia Capacity-Building in Resource-Poor Settings: Description of an Ongoing Academic Partnership in Uganda. World J Surg 2013; 37(3):488-97